Designing Better Waste Collection Systems: A Data-Led Approach

The Challenge Facing Local Authorities

A well-designed waste collection system can do far more than keep streets clean. It can increase recycling rates, improve service reliability, reduce carbon emissions and deliver better value for money.

However, local authorities are under growing pressure. The introduction of separate food waste collections, the drive to meet net zero targets and continued financial constraints mean councils are being asked to transform services while resources remain stretched. Identifying the most effective collection system and building a robust business case for change is not always straightforward.

How KEO Supports Local Authorities

At KEO, we work alongside local authorities to develop evidence-based options appraisals that identify practical improvements to waste collection services. These appraisals can assess a wide range of service changes, including recycling collection methodologies, separate food waste collections, container strategies, collection frequencies and resident engagement initiatives.

With decades of experience supporting authorities across the UK, Europe and the Middle East, we use a data-led approach to build models from each authority's own operational data. These are supplemented by national benchmarks and industry best practice to provide credible, transparent and actionable recommendations.

Our Modelling Capabilities

Each options appraisal we produce is built around a set of core modelling workstreams, all of which compare a client’s current baseline against a range of proposed collection system options:

Waste Flow Modelling

We analyse waste tonnage and composition data to assess the performance of existing and proposed collection systems. This enables us to estimate recycling capture rates, residual waste arisings and material yields, helping authorities understand where recyclable materials are being lost and how alternative service designs could improve performance.

Resourcing and Cost Modelling

Our models evaluate the operational requirements and costs for each collection scenario, including vehicles, staffing, containers and overheads. By comparing both capital and revenue expenditure across options, authorities can clearly understand the financial implications of different service designs.

Carbon Emissions Modelling

To support decarbonisation objectives, we assess the greenhouse gas emissions associated with each option. This includes collection vehicle emissions, embodied carbon within vehicles and containers, transportation impacts and treatment-related emissions, providing a comprehensive view of environmental performance.

Delivering Confidence in Decision-Making

Data-driven modelling provides authorities with a robust evidence base for service transformation. Rather than relying on assumptions or high-level benchmarks, it enables a transparent comparison of options, supports stakeholder engagement and helps councils develop collection systems that are operationally effective, financially sustainable and environmentally responsible.

If your authority is considering changes to its waste collection service, KEO can help provide the evidence and insight needed to make informed decisions with confidence.

Meet the Author

Steven Brown, Technical Director

KEO's Sustainability + Environment Division